SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Appendix Probi</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Appendix Probi</i></span>

</h1>

</header>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:

<div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Appendix_Probi" class="extiw external" title="s:la:Appendix Probi">Appendix Probi</a></b></div></div></div>

</div>

<p>The <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Appendix Probi</i></span></b> ("Probus' Appendix") is the conventional name for a series of five documents believed to have been copied in the seventh or eighth century in <a href="Bobbio" title="Bobbio">Bobbio</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name derives from the fact that the documents were found attached to a copy of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Instituta Artium</i></span>, a treatise named after (but probably not written by) the first-century grammarian <a href="Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Marcus Valerius Probus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Appendix was likely composed in Rome<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around the first half of the fourth century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is specifically the third of the five documents that has attracted scholarly attention, as it contains a list of 227 spelling mistakes, along with their corrections, which shed light on the <a href="Romance_linguistics#Phonology" title="Romance linguistics">phonological</a> and <a href="Romance_linguistics#Other_changes" title="Romance linguistics">grammatical</a> changes that the <a href="Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">local vernacular</a> was experiencing in the early stages of its development into <a href="Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a>.

</p><p>The text survives only in a carelessly transcribed water-damaged manuscript of the 7th or 8th century<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is kept at the <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="Biblioteca_Nazionale_Vittorio_Emanuele_III" title="Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III">Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as MS Lat. 1 (formerly Vindobonensis 17).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phenomena_visible_in_the_spelling_mistakes">Phenomena visible in the spelling mistakes</h2></div>

<p>Note that the format is "[correct spelling], not [incorrect spelling]".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Scribal abbreviations</a> have been expanded.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syncope"><a href="Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">Syncope</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/speculum#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:speculum">speculum</a> non speclum</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/masculus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:masculus">masculus</a> non masclus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vernaculus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vernaculus">uernaculus</a> non uernaclus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angulus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:angulus">angulus</a> non anglus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vetulus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vetulus">uetulus</a> non ueclus</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vitulus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vitulus">uitulus</a> non uiclus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/articulus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:articulus">articulus</a> non articlus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oculus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:oculus">oculus</a> non oclus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calida#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:calida">calida</a> non calda</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viridis#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:viridis">uiridis</a> non uirdis</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_yod_from_front_vowels_in_hiatus">Development of <a href="Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">yod</a> from front vowels in <a href="Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vinea#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vinea">uinea</a> non uinia</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cavea#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:cavea">cauea</a> non cauia</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lancea#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:lancea">lancea</a> non lancia</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ostium#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:ostium">ostium</a> non osteum</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lilium#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:lilium">lilium</a> non lileum</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alium#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:alium">alium</a> non aleum</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tolonium non toloneum</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_of_/ŭ/_to_[o]">Change of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŭ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/columna#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:columna">columna</a> non colomna</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turma#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:turma">turma</a> non torma</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coluber#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:coluber">coluber</a> non colober</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduction_of_pretonic_/au̯/_to_[o]">Reduction of pretonic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au̯/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auris#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:auris">auris</a> non oricla</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_final_/m/">Loss of final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pridem#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:pridem">pridem</a> non pride</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nunquam#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:nunquam">nunquam</a> non nunqua</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/passim#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:passim">passim</a> non passi</i></span></li></ul>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adhuc#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wikt:adhuc">adhuc</a> non aduc</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hostiae#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:hostiae">hostiae</a> non ostiae</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduction_of_/-ns-/_to_/-s-/">Reduction of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ns-/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-s-/</span></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mensa#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:mensa">mensa</a> non mesa</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/formosus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:formosus">formosus</a> non formunsus</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hercules#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Hercules">Hercules</a> non Herculens</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/occasio#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:occasio">occasio</a> non occansio</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_intervocalic_/β/_before_a_back_vowel">Loss of intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span> before a <a href="Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowel</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rivus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:rivus">riuus</a> non rius</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flavus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:flavus">flauus</a> non flaus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pavor#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:pavor">pauor</a> non paor</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusion_of_/b/_and_/β/">Confusion of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baculus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:baculus">baculus</a> non uaclus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bravium#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:bravium">brauium</a> non brabium</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alveus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:alveus">alueus</a> non albeus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plebes#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:plebes">plebes</a> non pleuis</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vapulo#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vapulo">uapulo</a> non baplo</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusion_of_singletons_and_geminates">Confusion of singletons and <a href="Gemination" title="Gemination">geminates</a></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camera#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:camera">camera</a> non cammara</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garrulus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:garrulus">garrulus</a> non garulus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basilica#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:basilica">basilica</a> non bassilica</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aqua#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:aqua">aqua</a> non acqua</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draco#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:draco">draco</a> non dracco</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elimination_of_imparisyllabic_nouns">Elimination of imparisyllabic nouns</h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:grus">grus</a> non gruis</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pecten#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:pecten">pecten</a> non pectinis</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glis#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:glis">glis</a> non glirus</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_of_3rd-decl._adjectives_to_the_1st_class">Adaptation of <a href="Latin_grammar#Declension_of_adjectives" title="Latin grammar">3rd-decl. adjectives</a> to the 1st class</h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tristis#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:tristis">tristis</a> non tristus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pauper#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:pauper">pauper</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mulier#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:mulier">mulier</a> non paupera mulier</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acre#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:acre">acre</a> non acrum</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ipse#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:ipse">ipse</a> non ipsus</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_of_4th-decl._feminine_nouns_to_the_1st_decl.">Adaptation of <a href="Latin_grammar#4th_and_5th_declension" title="Latin grammar">4th-decl.</a> feminine nouns to the 1st decl.</h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nurus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:nurus">nurus</a> non nura</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/socrus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:socrus">socrus</a> non socra</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_of_3rd/4th_decl._feminines_to_the_1st_decl._via_diminutive_suffix">Adaptation of 3rd/4th decl. feminines to the 1st decl. via diminutive suffix</h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auris#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:auris">auris</a> non <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auricula#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:auricula">oricla</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fax#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:fax">fax</a> non <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/facula#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:facula">facla</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neptis#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:neptis">neptis</a> non nepticla</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anus#Etymology_2_2" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:anus">anus</a> non anucla</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_of_neuter_plural_to_the_first_declension">Adaptation of neuter plural to the first declension</h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vico#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vico">uico</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/castrorum#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:castrorum">castrorum</a> non uico castrae</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elimination_of_the_ablative">Elimination of the ablative</h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nobiscum#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:nobiscum">nobiscum</a> non noscum</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vobiscum#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vobiscum">uobiscum</a> non uoscum</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alteration_of_nom._-es_(in_the_third_declension)_to_-is">Alteration of <a href="Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nom</a>. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-es</i></span> (in the third declension) to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-is</i></span></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cautes#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:cautes">cautes</a> non cautis</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tabes#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:tabes">tabes</a> non tabis</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vates#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vates">uates</a> non uatis</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vulpes#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:vulpes">uulpes</a> non uulpis</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fames#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:fames">fames</a> non famis</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedes#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:sedes">sedes</a> non sedis</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduction_of_the_endings_-es_and_-is_to_-s[v]">Reduction of the endings <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-es</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-is</i></span> to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-s</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orbis#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:orbis">orbis</a> non orbs</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nubes#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:nubes">nubes</a> non nubs</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_the_masculine_flexion_-us">Loss of the masculine flexion -us</h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/figulus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:figulus">figulus</a> non figel</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/masculus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:masculus">masculus</a> non mascel</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barbarus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:barbarus">barbarus</a> non barbar</i></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metathesis,_assimilation,_dissimilation,_etc."><a href="Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a>, <a href="Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a>, <a href="Dissimilation" title="Dissimilation">dissimilation</a>, etc.</h3></div>

<ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/persica#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:persica">persica</a> non pessica</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iuniperus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:iuniperus">iuniperus</a> non ieniperus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grundio#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:grundio">grundio</a> non grunnio</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sibilus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:sibilus">sibilus</a> non sifilus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pegma#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:pegma">pegma</a> non peuma</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coquus#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:coquus">coqus</a> non cocus</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coquens#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:coquens">coquens</a> non cocens</i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coqui#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:coqui">coqui</a> non coci</i></span></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Reichenau_Glossary" title="Reichenau Glossary">Reichenau Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance language</a></li>

<li><a href="Palatalization_in_the_Romance_languages" title="Palatalization in the Romance languages">Palatalization in the Romance languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonological_changes_from_Classical_Latin_to_Proto-Romance" title="Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance">Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman">

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a reference on line 134 to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caput africae</i></span>, the name of a grammar school known to have been located in that city.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note the regular dissimilation, after syncope, of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-tl-/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-kl-/</span>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The diminutive of <i>auris</i> is <i>auricula</i>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example of <a href="Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrection</a> (Elcock 1960: 30), in this case the improper insertion of a silent ⟨n⟩, <a href="Confer" class="mw-redirect" title="Confer"><abbr title="confer">cf.</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip confer</span> the spellings <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">herculens</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">occansio</i></span> below.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perhaps by analogy with existing words like <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urbs#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:urbs">urbs</a></i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plebs#Latin" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:plebs">plebs</a></i></span> (Elcock 1960: 32).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The unusual forms <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">figel</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mascel</i></span> may reflect the replacement of the <a href="Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> ending <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ulus</i></span> with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ellus</i></span>, followed by the loss of both final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and the unstressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŭ/</span>. While the change may seem to foreshadow e.g. the Romansh form <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">maschel</i></span>, such forms are unusual for the time period and would not be seen again until the <a href="Kassel_glosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassel glosses">Kassel glosses</a> (Elcock 1960: 32).</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirk 2006</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell 2007: §1</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett 2007: 705</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirk 2006: 16–21, 300</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohlfs 1969: 16</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirk 2006</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elcock 1960: 28–34</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li>Barnett, F. J. 2007. The sources of the "Appendix Probi": A new approach<i>. The Classical Quarterly</i> 57(2). 701–736. doi:10.1017/s000983880700064x.</li>

<li>Elcock, William Dennis. 1960. <i>The Romance Languages</i>. London: Faber & Faber.</li>

<li>Rohfls, Gerhard. 1969. <i>Sermo Vulgaris Latinus: Vulgarlateinisches Lesebuch</i>. 2nd edn. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.</li>

<li>Leppänen, V., & Alho, T. 2018. On The Mergers Of Latin Close-Mid Vowels. <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>. doi:10.1111/1467-968x.12130</li>

<li>Powell, Jonathan G. F. 2007. A new text of the "Appendix Probi". <i>The Classical Quarterly</i> 57(2). 687–700. doi:10.1017/S0009838807000638.</li>

<li>Quirk, Ronald J. 2005. The “Appendix Probi” as a compendium of Popular Latin: Description and bibliography. <i>The Classical World</i> 98(4). 397–409. doi:10.2307/4352974</li>

<li>Quirk, Ronald J. 2006. <i>The Appendix Probi: A scholar's guide to text and context</i>. Newark: Juan de la Cuesta.</li>

<li>Quirk, Ronald J. 2017. Hypercorrection in the Appendix Probi. <i>Philologus</i> 161(2). 350–353. doi:10.1515/phil-2016-0119</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429171733/http://ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/appendix_probi.html">Transcription of the Appendix Probi</a> by Sean Crist, following W. A. Baehrens, 1922, <i>Sprachlicher Kommentar zur vulgärlateinischen Appendix Probi</i>.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/182941161">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1776217">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4512493-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007074008">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6076493">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/71990">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007371894905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/135682533">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Appendix_Probi&oldid=1286006946">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>